A phylogeny of vertebrates I made as a study guide for my peers in Vertebrate Paleobiology. Information compiled by Drs. Thomas Holtz and John Merck, but any errors are probably mine.
Taxa in bold have extant representatives. Taxa for which monophyly is uncertain are followed by a question mark. Taxa whose phylogenetic position is less certain than presented here are preceded by a big orange question mark (this excludes those whose uncertainty is already indicated by a polytomy). In the lower right is a short list of taxa so problematic that we did not deign to place them in even a tentative position on the phylogeny (though we may have ideas about what major groups they belong to). This should not be by any means treated as an exhaustive list of controversies in vertebrate phylogenetics, as I have only indicated those we brought up in class.
All silhouettes are from PhyloPic, with the exception of the parvicursorine, which was generously made for me by
when I lamented that I could not find any alvarezsaurid silhouettes on PhyloPic that were satisfactorily fluffy.
Due to the time and effort involved in creating an image of this size and nature, I am unlikely to update this on a regular basis. As such, this should be considered a snapshot of the state of the art and will inevitably become increasingly outdated as time goes on. However, a more up to date version including only the branching topology (but not the synapomorphy lists or silhouettes) is available here.
Taxa in bold have extant representatives. Taxa for which monophyly is uncertain are followed by a question mark. Taxa whose phylogenetic position is less certain than presented here are preceded by a big orange question mark (this excludes those whose uncertainty is already indicated by a polytomy). In the lower right is a short list of taxa so problematic that we did not deign to place them in even a tentative position on the phylogeny (though we may have ideas about what major groups they belong to). This should not be by any means treated as an exhaustive list of controversies in vertebrate phylogenetics, as I have only indicated those we brought up in class.
All silhouettes are from PhyloPic, with the exception of the parvicursorine, which was generously made for me by
when I lamented that I could not find any alvarezsaurid silhouettes on PhyloPic that were satisfactorily fluffy.Due to the time and effort involved in creating an image of this size and nature, I am unlikely to update this on a regular basis. As such, this should be considered a snapshot of the state of the art and will inevitably become increasingly outdated as time goes on. However, a more up to date version including only the branching topology (but not the synapomorphy lists or silhouettes) is available here.
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Where would sparassodonts go?
1. Insectivora.
2. Bats sister to colugos within Archonta.
3. Pangolins sister to xenarthrans, with this clade close to Euarchontoglires.
4. Afrotheres close to laurasiatheres.
5. Fissipeda.
6. Procyonid pandas.
7. Suinan hippopotami.
8. Primate treeshrews.
9. Artiodactyls closest to carnivorans & perissodactyls closest to afrotheres.
10. Monophyly of noncetacean artiodactyls.
I also remember that orangutans, gorillas & chimps were once thought to form a clade exclusive of man. Is that dead in the water as well?
Humans being sister to all other great apes is long dead and fell out of favor even prior to molecular phylogenetic studies.
How strong is the evidence against a pangolin + xenarthran clade (regardless of where that hypothetical clade goes)?
Luckily for you, I wrote a term paper on xenarthrans this past semester, so I can tell you that while some phylogenetic analyses in the 1990s and early 2000s found pangolins and xenarthrans as sister groups, almost all their proposed synapomorphies can easily be explained as a result of convergence on a myrmecophagous lifestyle.
Do any morphological analyses find Laurasiatheria?